Background and Rationale

As it functions, the brain produces minute electrical signals on its surface called brain waves. Brain waves constantly change as the brain handles the business of dealing with itself and its environment. For over fifty years, this electroencephalographic (EEG) activity has been used for neuroanalysis (e.g., diagnosis of brain disease or injury). With the advent of fast computers, researchers are now able to quantitatively analyze the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (QEEG) to form complex topographic "maps" of the EEG's power and frequency distribution for more accurate and effective diagnoses. They found that abnormal behavior often corresponded to abnormal brain wave patterns and distributions.

Conclusive research indicates that certain types of abnormal brain functioning can be corrected by learning to operantly condition the brain's electrical activity. This conditioning is accomplished by visual and/or audio feedback of the moment-to-moment activity of the EEG. This visual/audio EEG feedback is used by the patient to learn to increase or decrease the power and/or percentage of selected brain wave frequencies This conditioning or training is called neurotherapy.

Neurotherapy is proving to be medically effective because it facilitates positive neurochemical, personality and behavioral changes in relatively short periods of time (weeks vs. months or even years). Moreover, it is cost- effective because it avoids the high expenses associated with surgery, drugs or long- term inpatient or outpatient therapy.

It is also widely accepted among researchers and clinicians that patterns of surface EEG activity reflect the activity of deeper brain structures and patterns of brain neurochemistry. For example, those brain neurotransmitters, opioids, neurohormones and neuropeptides associated with reward and internal feelings of well-being are influenced directly (and thus fluctuate widely) according to changes in cortical EEG patterns. Equally important, alcohol cravings and uncontrollable alcohol ingestion are now strongly associated with both deficiencies and/or abnormalities in certain brain neurochemicals (e.g., serotonin; opioid peptides including beta endorphin and enkephalin; norepinephrine; dopamine; and GABA) and poorly developed low frequency EEG rhythms (e.g., alpha and theta) (Blum, 1991).

Consequently, as Peniston and numerous other researchers have shown, the normalization of alpha and theta EEG rhythms via neurotherapy produces the same normalization of brain chemistry that is produced by either alcohol ingestion or the external manipulation of the excitatory and inhibitory processes that control these essential neurochemicals. In other words, the increased feelings of reward and internal well-being that occur from alcohol ingestion or other external influences of brain neurochemistry are also produced by the normalization of alpha and theta rhythms via neurotherapy.

Thus, the complex interrelationships among these variables appear to be both at the root and the cure for severe alcohol cravings and uncontrollable alcohol ingestion. Moreover, these interrelationships and the normalization of the deficient factors within them via neurotherapy certainly contribute to an understanding as to why the Peniston Protocol produces such impressive results with this difficult clinical population.

Breakdown of the Peniston Protocol

Although there is some variation among clinicians, the following is a step- by-step breakdown of the most commonly used clinical procedures within the Peniston Protocol:

(1) Intake interview, evaluation and personality/behavioral pre-testing (e.g., MMPI II, MCMI II, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale and/or Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire).

(2) Brief pre-treatment QEEG topographic brain map.

(3) Five preliminary non-EEG biofeedback sessions (e.g. temperature, EMG, and/or skin conductance).

(4) Twenty-five to thirty alpha/theta neurotherapy sessions.

(5) Brief post-treatment QEEG topographic brain map.

(6) Discharge interview, evaluation and personality/behavioral post-testing (e.g., MMPI II, MCMI II, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale and/or Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire).